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    • Home
    • About Us
    • References
      • Adult- Depression/Anxiety
      • Teens 14-18 Years
      • Tweens 10-13 Years
      • Children 9 & Younger
      • Online Exploitation
    • Media
      • Medium Blog
      • Podcasts
      • Videos - Social Media
      • Articles-Youth
      • Articles- Perspectives
      • Articles - Technology
      • Articles - Mental Health
      • Articles-Politics
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      • Videos - Technology
    • Activist Links
      • Youth Activist Orgs
      • Tech-Trust & Safety
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  • Home
  • About Us
  • References
    • Adult- Depression/Anxiety
    • Teens 14-18 Years
    • Tweens 10-13 Years
    • Children 9 & Younger
    • Online Exploitation
  • Media
    • Medium Blog
    • Podcasts
    • Videos - Social Media
    • Articles-Youth
    • Articles- Perspectives
    • Articles - Technology
    • Articles - Mental Health
    • Articles-Politics
    • Books
    • Videos - Technology
  • Activist Links
    • Youth Activist Orgs
    • Tech-Trust & Safety
    • White Papers

Cyberbullying & Online Exploitation References

  1. Grossman, S., Pfefferkorn, R., Thiel, D., Shah, S., DiResta, R.,  Perrino, J., Cryst, E., and Stamos, A. (2024). The Strengths and  Weaknesses of the Online Child Safety Ecosystem. Stanford Digital  Repository. Available at https://purl.stanford.edu/pr592kc5483. https://doi.org/10.25740/pr592kc5483.
  2. Sutton, S., Finkelhor, D. (2024), Perpetrators’ identity in online crimes against children: A Meta-analysis, Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25 (3), 1756-1768
  3. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Colburn, D.  (2023). Which dynamics make online child sexual abuse and cyberstalking  more emotionally impactful: Perpetrator identity and images?. Child abuse & neglect, 137, 106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106020
  4. Walsh, W., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H.,  & O'Brien, J. (2024). Online commercial sexual exploitation of  children in a national victim survey. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001821
  5. Gohal, G., Alqassim, A., Eltyeb, E. et al. Prevalence and related risks of cyberbullying and its effects on adolescent, BMC Psychiatry 23, 39 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04542-0, https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04542-0#citeas
  6. Arnon S, Brunstein Klomek A, Visoki E, et al. (2022), Association of Cyberbullying Experiences and Perpetration With Suicidality in Early Adolescence (2022). JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2218746. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18746 
  7. Vismara, M.,  Girone, N., Conti, D., Nicolini, G., Dell’Osso, B. (2022), The current status of Cyberbullying research: a short review of the literature, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Volume 46, 101152, ISSN 2352-1546, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101152, (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154622000584)
  8. Nagata, Trompeter, J.N., Singh, G., Ganson, K.,  Testa, A., Jackson, D., Assari, S., Stuart B. Murray, S.,  Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, K.,  Fiona C. Baker, F. (2022), Social Epidemiology of Early Adolescent Cyberbullying in the United States, Academic Pediatrics, Volume 22, Issue 8, pp. 1287-1293, ISSN 1876-2859, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.07.003, (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876285922003473)
  9. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Colburn, D. (2022). Prevalence of Online Sexual Offenses Against Children in the US. JAMA network open, 5(10), e2234471. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.34471
  10. Zhang, S., Leidner, D., Cao, X., & Liu, N. (2022). Workplace cyberbullying: A criminological and routine activity perspective. Journal of Information Technology, 37(1), 51–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/02683962211027888, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02683962211027888
  11. Islam, M. I., Yunus, F. M., Kabir, E., &  Khanam, R. (2022). Evaluating Risk and Protective Factors for  Suicidality and Self-Harm in Australian Adolescents With Traditional  Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimizations. American journal of health promotion : AJHP, 36(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211034105
  12. Goyal, N, Park, L, Vasserman, L. (2022)  "You have to prove the threat is real": Understanding the needs of Female Journalists and Activists to Document and Report Online Harassment,  Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '22), New Orleans, LA, April 29-May 5, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.11168.pdf
  13. Herry, E. &  Mulvey, K.L. (2022).  Gender-based cyberbullying: Understanding expected bystander behavior online. Journal of Social Issues,  00 1– 21. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12503 
  14. Piccoli,  V., Carnaghi, A., Bianchi, M., & Grassi, M. (2022).  Perceived-Social Isolation and Cyberbullying Involvement: The Role of  Online Social Interaction. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 12(1), 1-14. http://doi.org/10.4018/IJCBPL.313948
  15. Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2022). Cyberbullying Among Tweens in the United States. Journal of Early Adolescence, 42(3), 414–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211036740
  16. Wright, M., Wachs, S., Huang,  Z., Kamble, S., Soudi, S., Bayraktar, F., Zheng L., Li Lei  & Chang Shu (2022) Longitudinal Associations among  Machiavellianism, Popularity Goals, and Adolescents’ Cyberbullying  Involvement: The Role of Gender, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 183:5, 482-493, DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2022.2095251,  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221325.2022.2095251
  17. Giordano, A. L.,  Prosek, E. A. &  Watson, J.C. (2021).  Understanding Adolescent Cyberbullies: Exploring Social Media Addiction and Psychological Factors, Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 7 (1), 10.1080/23727810.2020.1835420,          https://doi.org/10.1080/23727810.2020.183542
  18. Chan, THK,  Cheung, CMK, Lee, ZWY (2021), Cyberbullying on social networking sites: A literature review and future research directions, Information & Management, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2021, 103411, ISSN 0378-7206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103411.
  19. Craig, W., Boniel-Nissim, M., King, N, Walsh, S., et al. Social Media Use and Cyber-Bullying: A Cross-National Analysis of Young People in 42 Countries (2020). Journal of Adolescent Health. 66. S100-S108. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.006. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341526465_Social_Media_Use_and_Cyber-Bullying_A_Cross-National_Analysis_of_Young_People_in_42_Countries
  20. Wright, M.F., Schiamberg, L.B., Wachs, S. et al. The Influence of  Sex and Culture on the Longitudinal Associations of Peer Attachment,  Social Preference Goals, and Adolescents’ Cyberbullying Involvement: An  Ecological Perspective. School Mental Health 13, 631–643 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09438-6, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12310-021-09438-6
  21. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2020). Sextortion Among Adolescents: Results From a National Survey of U.S. Youth. Sexual Abuse, 32(1), 30-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218800469
  22. Ana, Grigore & Maftei, Alexandra. (2020). Exploring the Mediating Roles of State and Trait Anxiety on the Relationship between Middle Adolescents' Cyberbullying and Depression. Children. 7. 10.3390/children7110240. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346022149_Exploring_the_Mediating_Roles_of_State_and_Trait_Anxiety_on_the_Relationship_between_Middle_Adolescents'_Cyberbullying_and_Depression
  23. Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2020). Sextortion Among Adolescents: Results From a National Survey of U.S. Youth. Sexual abuse : a journal of research and treatment, 32(1), 30–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218800469
  24. Cross, Katherine. (2019). Toward a Formal Sociology of Online Harassment. Human Technology. 15. 326-346. 10.17011/ht/urn.201911265023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337643593_Toward_a_Formal_Sociology_of_Online_Harassment
  25. Sameer Hinduja & Justin W. Patchin (2019) Connecting Adolescent Suicide to the Severity of Bullying and Cyberbullying, Journal of School Violence, 18:3, 333-346, DOI: 10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417
  26. Alhajji, M., Bass, S., & Dai, T. (2019).  Cyberbullying, Mental Health, and Violence in Adolescents and  Associations With Sex and Race: Data From the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior  Survey. Global pediatric health, 6, 2333794X19868887. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X19868887
  27. Peled Y. (2019). Cyberbullying and its influence on academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students. Heliyon, 5(3), e01393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01393
  28. Hellfeldt, K., López-Romero, L., &  Andershed, H. (2019). Cyberbullying and Psychological Well-being in  Young Adolescence: The Potential Protective Mediation Effects of Social  Support from Family, Friends, and Teachers. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010045
  29. John A, Glendenning A, Marchant A, Montgomery P, Stewart A, Wood S, Lloyd K, Hawton K (2018), Self-Harm, Suicidal Behaviours, and Cyberbullying in Children and Young People: Systematic Review, J Med Internet Res 2018;20(4):e129; URL: https://www.jmir.org/2018/4/e129, DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9044
  30. Abreu, R. L., & Kenny, M. C. (2017).  Cyberbullying and LGBTQ Youth: A Systematic Literature Review and  Recommendations for Prevention and Intervention. Journal of child & adolescent trauma, 11(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0175-7
  31. Khatcherian, E., & Zdanowicz, N. (2018).  Why do cyberbullied adolescents stay in contact with their harasser? A  Literature Review and Reflection on Cyberbullied Adolescents' Coping  Strategies. Psychiatria Danubina, 30(Suppl 7), 537–540. 
  32. Alim, S. (2017). Cyberbullying in the world of  teenagers and social media: A literature review. In Information  Resources Management Association, Gaming and technology addiction: Breakthroughs in research and practice (pp. 520–552). Information Science Reference/IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0778-9.ch024
  33. Espelage, D. L., & Hong, J. S. (2017).  Cyberbullying Prevention and Intervention Efforts: Current Knowledge and  Future Directions. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 62(6), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684793
  34. Bauman, S. (2011). Cyberbullying: What counselors need to know. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. 
  35. Garett R, Lord LR, Young SD (2016). Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature. Mhealth. 2016;2:46. doi:10.21037/mhealth.2016.12.01 https://mhealth.amegroups.com/article/view/12924/13217
  36. Hamm, M. P., Newton, A. S., Chisholm, A.,  Shulhan, J., Milne, A., Sundar, P., Ennis, H., Scott, S. D., &  Hartling, L. (2015). Prevalence and Effect of Cyberbullying on Children  and Young People: A Scoping Review of Social Media Studies. JAMA pediatrics, 169(8), 770–777. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0944
  37. Rice, E. et al.  (2015) Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization Among Middle-School Student”, American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 3 (March 1, 2015):    pp. e66-e72.  https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302393
  38. Sampasa-Kanyinga, Hugues & Roumeliotis, Paul & Xu, Hao. (2014). Associations between Cyberbullying and School Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Ideation, Plans and Attempts among Canadian Schoolchildren. PloS one. 9. e102145. 10.1371/journal.pone.0102145. 

Cyberbullying Facts:

2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Results US CDC

More than 3/4 of students reported frequent social media use. Frequent social media use was associated with:

  • A higher prevalence of being bullied. 
  • Feelings of sadness and hopelessness. 
  • Suicide risk among students.


2022 JAMA Network Open study, found that cyberbullying was the #1 cause of suicidal ideations in adolescents aged 10-13 years old.


Teens and Cyberbullying 2022, Pew Research Center

US Teens aged 13-17 reported:

-46% experienced cyberbullying

-22% had false rumors spread about them

-17% received explicit images they didn't ask for

-15% report being constantly asked where they are; what they are doing or who they are with by someone other than a parent

-10% reported receiving physical threats

-7% reported having explicit images of them shared without their consent

-Older teen girls stand out for experiencing multiple types of cyberbullying behaviors




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