References Children 9 Yrs & Younger

Koch, F. S., Sundqvist, A., Thornberg, U. B., Barr, R., & Heimann, M. (2024). Toddler’s memory and media – Picture book reading and watching video content are associated with memory at 2 years of age. Infancy, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12609.
Takahashi, I., Obara, T., Ishikuro, M., Murakami, K., Ueno, F., Noda, A., Onuma, T., Shinoda, G., Nishimura, T., Tsuchiya, K. J., & Kuriyama, S. (2023). Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years. JAMA pediatrics, 177(10), 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057
Likhitweerawong N, Boonchooduang N, Khorana J, Phinyo P, Patumanond J, Louthrenoo O (2024) Executive dysfunction as a possible mediator for the association between excessive screen time and problematic behaviors in preschoolers. PLoS ONE 19(4): e0298189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298189Raffoul
A, Ward ZJ, Santoso M, Kavanaugh JR, Austin S Bryn (2023) Social media platforms generate billions of dollars in revenue from U.S. youth: Findings from a simulated revenue model. PLoS ONE 18(12): e0295337.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295337Takahashi
Law, E. C., Han, M. X., Lai, Z., Lim, S., Ong, Z. Y., Ng, V., … & Nelson, C. A. (2023). Associations between infant screen use, electroencephalography markers, and cognitive outcomes. JAMA Pediatrics, 177(3), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5674.
Muppalla, S. K., Vuppalapati, S., Reddy Pulliahgaru, A., & Sreenivasulu, H. (2023). Effects of Excessive Screen Time on Child Development: An Updated Review and Strategies for Management. Cureus, 15(6), e40608. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40608
Obara T, Ishikuro M, et al. Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years.(2023) JAMA Pediatr. Published online August 21, 2023. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057
Radesky J, Hiniker A, McLaren C, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of Manipulative Design in Mobile Applications Used by Children (2022). JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2217641. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17641Insoll, T.,
Ovaska, A. K., Nurmi, J., Aaltonen, M., & Vaaranen-Valkonen, N. (2022). Risk Factors for Child Sexual Abuse Material Users Contacting Children Online: Results of an Anonymous Multilingual Survey on the Dark Web. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i2.29
Rocha, H. A. L., Correia, L. L., Leite, Á. J. M., Machado, M. M. T., Lindsay, A. C., Rocha, S. G. M. O., Campos, J. S., Cavalcante E Silva, A., & Sudfeld, C. R. (2021). Screen time and early childhood development in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study. BMC public health, 21(1), 2072. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12136-2
Sundqvist, A., Koch, F. S., Birberg Thornberg, U., Barr, R., & Heimann, M. (2021). Growing Up in a Digital World - Digital Media and the Association With the Child's Language Development at Two Years of Age. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 569920. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569920
Hutton JS, Dudley J, Horowitz-Kraus T, DeWitt T, Holland SK. Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1):e193869. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869
Small, G. W., Lee, J., Kaufman, A., Jalil, J., Siddarth, P., Gaddipati, H., Moody, T. D., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2020). Brain health consequences of digital technology use . Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 22(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/gsmall
McHarg, G., Ribner, A. D., Devine, R. T., & Hughes, C. (2020). Screen Time and Executive Function in Toddlerhood: A Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 570392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392
Adelantado-Renau M, Moliner-Urdiales D, Cavero-Redondo I, Beltran-Valls MR, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Álvarez-Bueno C. (2019) Association Between Screen Media Use and Academic Performance Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(11):1058–1067. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3176
Madigan S, Browne D, Racine N, Mori C, Tough S. Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):244–250. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056
Canadian Paediatric Society, Digital Health Task Force, Ottawa, Ontario (2019). Digital media: Promoting healthy screen use in school-aged children and adolescents. Paediatrics & child health, 24(6), 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxz095
Lin, L. Y., Cherng, R. J., Chen, Y. J., Chen, Y. J., & Yang, H. M. (2015). Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant behavior & development, 38, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.005
Gentile DA, Reimer RA, Nathanson AI, Walsh DA, Eisenmann JC (2014, May). Protective effects of parental monitoring of children's media use: a prospective study. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 May;168(5):479-84. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.146. PMID: 24686493.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1852609

American Psychological Association Digital Guidelines

-For children under 18 months, avoid screen-based media except video chatting.

-For children 18 months to 24 months, parents should choose high-quality programming and watch with their children.

-For children 2 to 5, limit screen time to one hour per day of high-quality programming.

-For children 6 and up, establish consistent limits on the time spent using media and the types of media.

https://www.apa.org/topics/healthy-technology-use-children