References Children 9 Yrs & Younger

Radesky J, Hiniker A, McLaren C, et al. Prevalence and Characteristics of Manipulative Design in Mobile Applications Used by Children (2022). JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2217641. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17641Insoll, T.,
Ovaska, A. K., Nurmi, J., Aaltonen, M., & Vaaranen-Valkonen, N. (2022). Risk Factors for Child Sexual Abuse Material Users Contacting Children Online: Results of an Anonymous Multilingual Survey on the Dark Web. Journal of Online Trust and Safety, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i2.29
Hutton JS, Dudley J, Horowitz-Kraus T, DeWitt T, Holland SK. Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1):e193869. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869
Small, G. W., Lee, J., Kaufman, A., Jalil, J., Siddarth, P., Gaddipati, H., Moody, T. D., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2020). Brain health consequences of digital technology use . Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 22(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/gsmall
Adelantado-Renau M, Moliner-Urdiales D, Cavero-Redondo I, Beltran-Valls MR, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Álvarez-Bueno C. (2019) Association Between Screen Media Use and Academic Performance Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(11):1058–1067. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3176
Gentile DA, Reimer RA, Nathanson AI, Walsh DA, Eisenmann JC (2014, May). Protective effects of parental monitoring of children's media use: a prospective study. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 May;168(5):479-84. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.146. PMID: 24686493.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1852609

American Psychological Association Digital Guidelines

-For children under 18 months, avoid screen-based media except video chatting.

-For children 18 months to 24 months, parents should choose high-quality programming and watch with their children.

-For children 2 to 5, limit screen time to one hour per day of high-quality programming.

-For children 6 and up, establish consistent limits on the time spent using media and the types of media.

https://www.apa.org/topics/healthy-technology-use-children

Social Media Harms

Social Media Harms

References Children 9 Yrs & Younger

American Psychological Association Digital Guidelines